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Electronic commerce 11th edition gary schneider solutions manual. 1. Electronic Commerce, 11th Edition Solutions 2-1 Electronic Commerce 11th Edition Gary Schneider SOLUTIONS MANUAL Full download at: gary-schneider-solutions-manual/ Electronic Commerce 11th Edition Gary Schneider TEST BANK Full download at: gary-schneider-test-bank/ Electronic Commerce, 11th Edition 436 Chapter 2 Solutions Review Questions 1. What is the difference between an internet (small “i”) and the Internet (capital “I”)? Answer: An internet (small “i”) is a group of computer networks that have been interconnected. In fact, “internet” is short for “interconnected network.” One particular internet, which uses a specific set of rules and connects networks all over the world to each other, is called the Internet (capital “I”). Networks of computers and the Internet that connects them to each other form the basic technological structure that underlies virtually all electronic commerce.
In its early years, the Internet was a military project that became a science project with funding from the National Science Foundation. In one or two paragraphs, describe its transition to an environment that allowed and supported commercial activity. Answer: In the early 1960s, the U.S. Department of Defense began examining ways to connect computers to each other and to weapons installations distributed all over the world. Employing many of the best communications technology researchers, the Defense Department funded research at leading universities and institutes. The goal of this research was to design a worldwide network that could remain operational, even if parts of the network were destroyed by enemy military action or sabotage. In 1969, Defense Department researchers in the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) used this direct connection network model to connect four computers—one each at the University of California at Los Angeles, SRI International, the University of California at Santa Barbara, and the University of Utah—into a network called the ARPANET.
The ARPANET was the earliest of the networks that eventually combined to become what we now call the Internet. Electronic Commerce, 11th Edition Solutions 2-2 E-mail was born in 1972 when Ray Tomlinson, a researcher who used the network, wrote a program that could send and receive messages over the network. This new method of communicating became widely used very quickly. As personal computers became more powerful, affordable, and available during the 1980s, companies increasingly used them to construct their own internal networks. Although these networks included e-mail software that employees could use to send messages to each other, businesses wanted their employees to be able to communicate with people outside their corporate networks. Electronic Commerce, 11th Edition Solutions 2-3 In 1989, the NSF permitted two commercial e-mail services (MCI Mail and CompuServe) to establish limited connections to the Internet for the sole purpose of exchanging e-mail transmissions with users of the Internet. These connections allowed commercial enterprises to send e-mail directly to Internet addresses, and allowed members of the research and education communities on the Internet to send e-mail directly to MCI Mail and CompuServe addresses.
In one or two paragraphs, explain what is meant by the term “Internet of Things.” Answer: The most common perception of the Internet is that it connects computers to one another and, by doing so, connects the users of those computers to each other. In recent years, devices other than computers have been connected to the Internet, such as mobile phones and tablet devices. Once again, the connection of these devices to the Internet serves to connect the users of those devices to each other.
However, the connection of devices to the Internet that are not used by persons is increasing rapidly. Imdg 2018 manuals. These devices—such as switches, optical scanners, sensors that detect changes in temperature, light, moisture, or the existence of vibration or movement— can be connected to the Internet and used by computers to manage automatically environmental conditions (such as heating and cooling or lighting levels) or security procedures. These interconnected devices can be located in houses, offices, factories, autos, appliances, and so on. Computers can also be connected to each other using the Internet to conduct business transactions without human intervention. The subset of the Internet that includes these computers and sensors connected to each other for communication and automatic transaction processing is often called the Internet of Things. In a paragraph, explain why packet-switching is better than circuit-switching for the Internet.
Answer: Although circuit switching works well for telephone calls, it does not work as well for sending data across a large WAN or an interconnected network like the Internet. The Internet was designed to be resistant to failure. In a circuit-switched network, a failure in any one of the connected circuits causes the connection to be interrupted and data to be lost. Instead, the Internet uses packet switching to move data between two points. Briefly describe the functions performed by routers in an interconnected network.
As an individual packet travels from one network to another, the computers through which the packet travels determine the most efficient route for getting the packet to its destination. The most efficient route changes from second to second, depending on how much traffic each computer on the Internet is handling at each moment.
Electronic Commerce, 11th Edition Solutions 2-4 The computers that decide how best to forward each packet are called routing computers, router computers, routers, gateway computers (because they act as the gateway from a LAN or WAN to the Internet), border routers, or edge routers. In about 100 words, explain the differences between a closed (or proprietary) architecture and an open architecture.
In your answer, be sure to explain which is used for the Internet and why it is used. Answer: The first packet-switched network, the ARPANET, connected only a few universities and research centers. Following its inception in 1969, this experimental network grew during the next few years and began using the Network Control Protocol (NCP). In the early days of computing, each computer manufacturer created its own protocol, so computers made by different manufacturers could not be connected to each other.
This practice was called proprietary architecture or closed architecture. NCP was designed so it could be used by any computer manufacturer and was made available to any company that wanted it.
This open architecture philosophy that was developed for the evolving ARPANET, included the use of a common protocol for all computers connected to the Internet and four key rules for message handling: Independent networks should not require any internal changes to be connected to the network. Packets that do not arrive at their destinations must be retransmitted from their source network. Router computers act as receive-and-forward devices; they do not retain information about the packets that they handle. No global control exists over the network. Briefly describe the main concerns a company might have if it is still using the Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4).
Answer: The worldwide growth in the number of mobile devices and the Internet of Things has consumed existing IPv4 addresses much faster than anyone had predicted and current estimates are that new IPv4 addresses will no longer be available as soon as 2015. In one or two paragraphs, describe the advantages and disadvantages of IMAP when compared to POP. Answer: The Interactive Mail Access Protocol (IMAP) performs the same basic functions as POP, but includes additional features.
For example, IMAP can instruct the e-mail server to send only selected e-mail messages to the client instead of all messages. IMAP also allows the user to view only the header and the e-mail sender’s name before deciding to download the entire message, which avoids the POP requirement that users download e-mail messages to their computers before they can search, read, forward, delete, or reply to those messages. Electronic Commerce, 11th Edition Solutions 2-5 IMAP lets users create and manipulate e-mail folders (also called mailboxes) and individual e-mail messages while the messages are still on the e-mail server; that is, the user does not need to download e-mail before working with it. IMAP lets users manipulate and store their e-mail on the e-mail server and access it from any computer, which is important to people who access their email from different computers at different times. The main drawback to IMAP is that e-mail messages are stored on the server and, over time, can exceed the user’s space allowance on the server. In general, server computers use faster (and thus, more expensive) disk drives than desktop computers. Therefore, it is more expensive to provide disk storage space for large quantities of e-mail on a server computer than to provide that same disk space on users’ desktop computers.
In two paragraphs, outline how the ideas of Vannevar Bush and Ted Nelson became key elements of the World Wide Web. Answer: In 1945, Vannevar Bush, who was director of the U.S. Office of Scientific Research and Development, wrote an article in The Atlantic Monthly about ways that scientists could apply the skills they learned during World War II to peacetime activities.
Bush speculated that engineers would eventually build a machine that he called the Memex, a memory extension device that would store all of a person’s books, records, letters, and research results on microfilm. Bush’s Memex would include mechanical aids such as microfilm readers and indexes that would help users quickly and flexibly consult their collected knowledge. In the 1960s, Ted Nelson described a similar system in which text on one page links to text on other pages. Nelson called his page-linking system hypertext. Douglas Engelbart, who also invented the computer mouse, created the first experimental hypertext system on one of the large computers of the 1960s. In 1987, Nelson published Literary Machines, a book in which he outlined project Xanadu, a global system for online hypertext publishing and commerce. In 1989, Tim Berners-Lee was trying to improve the laboratory research document handling procedures for his employer, CERN: European Laboratory for Particle Physics.
Berners-Lee proposed a hypertext development project intended to provide this data-sharing functionality. Over the next two years, Berners-Lee developed the code for a hypertext server program and made it available on the Internet. In about 100 words, describe the function of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers. Include a discussion of the differences between gTLDs and sTLDs in your answer.
4d34i engine service manual. Answer: Since 1998, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) has had the responsibility of managing domain names and coordinating them with the IP address registrars. ICANN is also responsible for setting standards for the router computers that make up the Internet.
Electronic Commerce, 11th Edition Solutions 2-6 Since taking over these responsibilities, ICANN has added a number of new TLDs. Some of these are generic top-level domains (gTLDs), which are available to specified categories of users. Note that ICANN is itself responsible for the maintenance of gTLDs. Other new domains are sponsored top-level domains (sTLDs), which are TLDs for which an organization other than ICANN is responsible.
The Web uses a client/server architecture. In about 100 words, describe the client and server elements of this architecture, including specific examples of software and hardware that are used to form the Web. Answer: The Web is software that runs on computers that are connected to each other through the Internet. Web client computers run software called Web client software or Web browser software.
Examples of popular Web browser software include Google Chrome, Microsoft Internet Explorer, and Mozilla Firefox. Web browser software sends requests for Web page files to other computers, which are called Web servers and a Web server computer runs software called Web server software. The Web server software receives requests from many different Web clients and responds by sending files back to those Web client computers. Each Web client computer’s Web client software then renders those files into a Web page. Thus, the purpose of a Web server is to respond to requests for Web pages from Web clients. This combination of client computers running Web client software and server computers running Web server software is an example of a client/server architecture.
In about 200 words, define “markup languages.” Include overviews of HTML and XML in your definition. As part of your answer, provide examples of at least two situations in which an organization would use XML and two situations in which an organization would use HTML.
Answer: The page structure and text of a Web page are stored in a text file that is formatted, or marked up, using a text markup language. A text markup language specifies a set of tags that are inserted into the text. These markup tags, or tags, provide formatting instructions that Web client software can understand. Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) was derived from the more generic meta language SGML.
HTML defines the structure and content of Web pages using markup symbols called tags. Over time, HTML has evolved to include a large number of tags that accommodate graphics, Cascading Style Sheets, and other Web page elements. Although Extensible Markup Language (XML) is also derived from SGML, it differs from HTML in two important respects.
First, XML is not a markup language with defined tags. It is a framework within which individuals, companies, and other organizations can create their own sets of tags. Electronic Commerce, 11th Edition Solutions 2-7 Second, XML tags do not specify how text appears on a Web page; the tags convey the meaning (the semantics) of the information included within them.
Situation when XML and HTML is used A company that sells products on the Web might have Web pages that contain descriptions and photos of the products it sells. The Web pages are marked up with HTML tags, but the product information elements themselves, such as prices, identification numbers, and quantities on hand, are marked up with XML tags.
In 2003, ICANN and the major domain name registries began offering a five- day grace period for new domain registrations. The idea was to give registrants time to correct typographical errors and misspellings in the names they registered. If a registrant found an error in that five-day period, they could cancel their registration and, presumably, re-register a corrected domain name. This policy led to a problem called “domain tasting” that required considerable effort and cooperation to resolve nearly six years after the policy was implemented. Using your library or your favorite search engine, learn more about domain tasting.
Prepare a report of about 300 words that defines domain tasting, outlines its negative effects on Web users, and describes how the problem of domain tasting was resolved. Answer: The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers is responsible for managing and doling out Internet domain names. It is not an easy job.
And making it harder was a scheme used by some registrars known as domain tasting. Someone would buy up lots of domain names, try them out, and then get rid of the unprofitable ones, all without losing any money. As long as the registrar dumped the domains within the five-day grace period, known as the Add Grace Period (AGP), a full refund was given. Designed by ICANN to help registrars who made errors in their domain names, the grace period refund was quickly abused by Web sites that populated their domains with lots of ad links that redirected visitors to other sites. It also led to the unavailability of popular names that were scooped up by domain tasters. In June 2008, ICANN decided to act. The organization stopped refunding the 20-cent annual fee for each registered deleted domain name beyond a certain limit.
But since 20 cents per domain wasn't much of a penalty, ICANN got tougher. The organization began charging registrars $6.75 (the cost of a current.org domain) or higher for each deleted domain beyond a certain limit during the grace period. ICANN has reported that the new policy resulted in a 99.7 percent decrease in domain deletions from June 2008 to April 2009. Electronic Commerce, 11th Edition Solutions 2-8 Source: 2.
Bridgewater Engineering Company (BECO), a privately held machine shop, makes heavy duty machinery for factory assembly lines. It sells its presses, grinders, and milling equipment using a few inside salespeople and telephones. It buys its raw materials and supplies from a variety of steel mills and small-parts fabricators located around the world.
BECO’s president, Tom Dalton, has hired you as a consultant and would like your advice regarding how best to share information with the company’s suppliers. Tom would like to connect his network of computers into their ordering systems so he can order supplies quickly when he needs them.
Use the Web and this book’s accompanying Web Links to locate information about extranets and VPNs. Write a report of about 200 words that describes an extranet and outlines why Tom might want to use a VPN to connect BECO’s suppliers to his extranet. Answer: Responses will vary. An extranet was originally defined as an intranet that had been extended to include specific entities outside the boundaries of the organization, such as business partners, customers, or suppliers. Extranets were used to save money and increase efficiency by replacing traditional communication tools such as fax, telephone, and overnight express document carriers. To maintain security within extranets, almost all organizations that created them did so by interconnecting private networks.
A virtual private network (VPN) is a connection that uses public networks and their protocols to send data in a way that protects the data as well as a private network would, but at a lower cost. IP tunneling creates a private passageway through the public Internet that provides secure transmission from one computer to another. The passageway is created by VPN software that encrypts the packet content and then places the encrypted packets inside another packet in a process called encapsulation. VPNs therefore provide secure transmission of information across the Internet.
Tanya Trago is the IT manager for Greenway Enterprises, a large landscaping company with hundreds of home and commercial customers. She is interested in finding ways to reduce the costs of maintaining the company’s tree trimming and lawn maintenance equipment.
Greenway runs its own repair and maintenance facility because it operates a large number of mowers, cranes, backhoes, and similar machinery. The facility purchases replacement parts and repair supplies for all of this equipment.
Tanya is interested in creating a database to track these parts and supplies. She would also like to integrate that database with information provided by the vendors that sell those parts and supplies to Greenway. Several of these vendors use XML tags to describe their inventory, but no common standard tag system has been adopted in the industry. Electronic Commerce, 11th Edition Solutions 2-9 Use the Web Links, the Web, and your library to conduct research on the use of XML in the landscaping equipment and machinery industry, summarize your findings, and prepare a report of about 300 words in which you give Tanya advice on the advantages and disadvantages of using XML tags as descriptors in this situation.
Answer: Responses will vary. Some advantages worth considering include: XML includes data-management capabilities that HTML cannot provide. Information coded in XML is easy to read and understand.
New tags can be created as needed. Multiple data types can be included. As you learned in this chapter, accountants and financial analysts around the world have agreed to use XBRL to format financial statements and other reports. In about 200 words, outline the advantages that companies and financial analysts obtained by using the XBRL standard to replace printed reports and data formatted for download into spreadsheet software (such as Microsoft Excel®). You can research this subject in your school library or online using your favorite search engine and the links provided for this exercise in the Web Links. Answer: Answers will vary.
Some advantages that companies and financial analysts can obtain by using the XBRL standard include: the ability to share information easily with other organizations; costs saved by not having to develop a new standard; and community support of organizations using the same standard. Internet Access in Hyderabad 1. Responses will vary.
The most obvious implication of low Internet access is the creation of a digital divide. That is, the citizens of Hyderabad will not have access to information, goods, and services that are accessible through this technology and will therefore not be able to compete effectively in the world economy.
Trends in the growth of Internet-capable phones are as follows: According to the latest Trai report, the wireless subscriber base in India stands at 873.36 Million. Out of this 176.5 Million subscribers accessed Internet through a mobile device. Electronic Commerce, 11th Edition Solutions 2- 10 The overall mobile phone market (Feature Phones and Smartphones) had a 12% growth year over year (YOY).
This year also saw the growth of the smartphone market in the country, vendors shipped a total of 12.8 million smartphones in Q3 2013, as compared to 3.8 million units in the same period of 2012. The Indian smartphone market grew by 229% year over year (YoY) in the third quarter of 2013 (Q3). Responses will vary. The government of Hyderabad could consider developing: Broadband connections o High speed DSL Wireless connections o Personal area networks o Wireless Ethernet (Wi-Fi) o Mobile telephone networks C2. Quick Fix Repair Systems 1.
Answers will vary. Remote access solutions worth considering include: Virtual private network (VPN) Cloud based remote access service 2.
Student responses will vary. Two options for connecting a smartphone include the use of remote desktop apps and cloud storage. Responses will vary. The Nest Learning Thermostat is a sensor-driven, Wi-Fi enabled, self-learning programmable thermostat. The tools required to repair this device include a universal driver adapter, inspection scope, anti-static mat, frictionless ratchet, and an iFixit lock pick set.
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One of the biggest challenges that instructors face in teaching a course on e-commerce is helping students make sense out of what is really a very complex phenomenon that involves considerations of markets, firms, consumer behavior, and technology, among others. E-commerce is continually evolving and has become a thriving marketplace not only for products but also for services and content, such as social networks, user-generated content (video, photos, and blogs), and of course, entertainment such as movies, TV, video, music, and games. E-commerce is as much a sociological phenomenon as it is a business and technological phenomenon. In addition to the social aspect of e-commerce, two major themes in the text are the full emergence of the mobile platform, and the increasing emphasis on local e-commerce. We weave social, mobile, and local topics throughout the text into all chapters, because they are increasingly impacting all aspects of e-commerce.
The opening case, The Uber-ization of Everything, captures some of these changes in the foundations of e-commerce. Uber is at the forefront of a new on-demand service business model that is increasingly being used in many different arenas, from transportation, to lodging, to personal services.
The case illustrates many of the trends that will be impacting e-commerce over the new few years, including the use of smartphones and tablets for purchasing goods and services, the growth of contract employment, and the disruption of traditional business models. You can also use the case as an introduction to some of the social, legal, and ethical issues facing e-commerce companies, such as the question of whether people who work for a technology platform like Uber are really employees; whether local governments should regulate on-demand service providers in order to ensure public safety; and the implications of the on-demand business model spreading throughout the economy and labor force. As you discuss the case with your students, you could also pose the following questions to them:. Have you used Uber or any other on-demand service companies?.
What is the appeal of these companies for users and providers?. Are there any negative consequences to the use of on-demand services like Uber and Airbnb?. Would they like to be a contract worker for the some part, or all, of their careers?
E-commerce is the fastest growing retail, service, and entertainment channel. Although e-commerce revenues were relatively flat in 2008-2009 during the recession, growth resumed in 2010, and has continued at double-digit rates since then, outpacing traditional retail by a factor of two or three. There are thousands of job opportunities in e-commerce as traditional firms move onto the Web.
You should let students know that the e-commerce revolution is still in the beginning phases. They may have missed the very early tumultuous years, but there are many powerful, commercial, and technological forces that will push e-commerce along in the next decades. To emphasize this, you can highlight the bullet points noted in Table 1.1. Much of the first chapter is aimed at getting some basic definitions straight. The e-commerce field is filled with language that some students might find confusing. We distinguish between e-commerce and e-business to set the focus clearly on commercial transactions over the Internet. It’s also important for students to understand the differences between the various types of e-commerce, such as B2C and B2B.
A short preview of this topic is covered on pages 16 to 20. Figure 1.5 graphically illustrates the relative size of different types of e-commerce, to help drive home the point that while B2C, and social-mobile-local e-commerce may be the types students are most familiar with, or hear about the most, they are all dwarfed by B2B. Many students (and some of our colleagues) may ask, “Why study e-commerce?” when we generally do not have courses on other types of commerce, like sales over the television. Here’s a good opportunity to show students just how different Internet technology is from previous technologies.
Pages 12 to 16 cover this topic. We use a variation of Table 1.2 throughout the text in various contexts, so it’s a good idea to familiarize students with it. Ask students if they think some dimension is missing from the table, or to compare these features with, say, television. Pages 21 to 22 briefly discuss the growth of the Internet, Web, and mobile platform. This is a good time to introduce changes in client platforms, operating systems, and particularly, mobile devices as technologies that are spurring access to the Internet.
Figure 1.6 highlights the growing use of mobile devices to access the Internet. The top part of the graphic shows the increase in the number of people using mobile phones and tablets to do so, the middle part shows the percentage of the U.S. Population using mobile phones and tablets, and the bottom part shows the total U.S. Mobile connections – in 2015, an average of 1.10 per person. The case Insight on Business: Start-up Boot Camp provides an interesting look at Y Combinator, a start-up incubator. Students might be inspired by some of the companies that have participated in Y Combinator’s boot camp and are now significant successes, such as Airbnb, Dropbox, Zenefits, Stripe, Machine Zone, Instacart, and Twitch, among others.
Class discussion questions for this case might include:. Why do you think investors today are still interested in investing in start-ups?. Nissan flat rate manual.
What are the benefits of investing in a company that is a graduate of a Y Combinator boot camp?. Is an incubator the best solution for start-ups to find funding?
Why or why not? A major theme in the book is that e-commerce affects and is affected by many societal forces. On the one hand, the Internet and e-commerce are changing our conception of shopping and entertainment. It is also true that social attitudes and values, as well as new legislation, are shaping the Internet and e-commerce.
Students are introduced to the technology of privacy invasion and privacy protection in Insight on Society: Facebook and the Age of Privacy. Here, students are introduced to some of the societal themes that recur throughout the book.
Do consumers in a public marketplace have a legitimate expectation of privacy? Is there anything consumers can do to protect their privacy? Can the Web be designed to better protect privacy? You might point out to students that government and business surveillance of their online behavior is now commonplace. Although some students might say, “So what,” you might take this opportunity to ask students if there is any personal information that they would not like anyone to know.
If this fails, ask them to close their eyes and think about something they have done that they would not want their parents to know about. Just about everyone has at least one of these memories. Other class discussion questions might include the following.
The closing case study, Pinterest: A Picture Is Worth a Thousand Words, captures some of the changes in the foundations of e-commerce. Pinterest is at the forefront of a movement toward a more visual social media experience.
It illustrates many of the trends that will be impacting e-commerce over the new few years, including the growing use of social media to sell goods (social e-commerce), for branding, and to drive traffic to company Web sites, as well as the growing importance of the mobile platform. You can also use the case as a review of some of the social, legal, and ethical issues facing e-commerce companies, including copyright and security issues. As you discuss the case with your students, you could also pose the following questions to them:. Do you use Pinterest and if so, how often? What are your main interests? What has the experience been like? Have you used any other curation sites?
If so, how do they compare to Pinterest?. Have you purchased anything based on a pin or board on Pinterest or any other curation site?. Why do you think Pinterest links drive more purchasing than Facebook links? Copyright infringement is a potential issue for Pinterest because the basis of Pinterest’s business model involves users potentially violating others’ copyrights by posting images without permission and/or attribution. Although Pinterest’s Terms of Service puts the onus on its users to avoid doing so, the site knowingly facilitates such actions by, for example, providing a Pin It tool embedded in the user’s browser toolbar. Much content on the site reportedly violates its Terms of Service. Pinterest has provided an opt-out code to enable other sites to bar its content from being shared on Pinterest, but some question why they should have to take action when Pinterest is creating the problem.
Another thing Pinterest has done to try to ameliorate the problem is to automatically add citations (attribution) to content coming from certain specified sources, such as Flickr, YouTube, Vimeo, Etsy, Kickstarter, and SlideShare, among others. In 2013, it entered into an agreement with Getty Images in which it agreed to provide attribution for Getty content and pay Getty a fee. Pinterest says it complies with the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, which requires sites to remove images that violate copyright, but this too requires the copyright holder to be proactive and take action to demand the images be removed. Christopher Boffoli, a well-known photographer, filed a federal lawsuit against Pinterest in late 2014 alleging that Pinterest users have used his photographs without his permission, and Pinterest has failed to take adequate measures to remove them. How this issue is resolved may have a significant impact on Pinterest’s ultimate success. E-commerce involves digitally enabled commercial transactions between and among organizations and individuals.
E-commerce differs from e-business in that no commercial transaction (an exchange of value across organizational or individual boundaries) takes place in e-business. E-business is the digital enablement of transactions and processes within a firm and therefore does not include any exchange in value.
E-commerce and e-business intersect at the business firm boundary at the point where internal business systems link up with suppliers. For instance, e-business turns into e-commerce when an exchange of value occurs across firm boundaries. E-commerce technologies are similar to other technologies that have changed commerce in the past in that each new technological innovation spawns explosive growth characterized by thousands of start-up companies. Many of these fail in the period of retrenchment and consolidation that follows.
As with other technological revolutions, eventually it is the large, already established firms who have the resources to exploit the new technology. The growth of the Internet, when compared to other technologies such as radio and television, has been much more rapid: The Internet and Web achieved a 53% share of U.S households in only 10 years.
In comparison, it took 38 years for radio and 17 years for television to achieve a 30% share. The three stages in the evolution of e-commerce are innovation, consolidation, and reinvention. Invention took place from 1995–2000 and was characterized by excitement and idealistic visions of markets in which quality information was equally available to both buyers and merchants.
E-commerce did not fulfill these visions during its early years, however. After 2000, e-commerce entered its second stage of development—consolidation. In this stage, more traditional firms began to use the Web to enhance their existing businesses.
Less emphasis was placed on creating new brands. In 2006, though, e-commerce entered its current stage—reinvention—as social networking and Web 2.0 applications reinvigorated e-commerce and encouraged the development of new business models. Disintermediation means the removal of the market middlemen—the distributors, wholesalers, and other intermediaries—between producers and consumers.
The predicted benefits to Internet users include the decline of prices for products and services as manufacturers and content originators develop a direct relationship with their customers, and the elimination of payments to these middlemen. Disintermediation of markets would create intense competition. This, along with lowered transaction costs, would eliminate product brands, eventually resulting in the elimination of unfair competitive advantages and extraordinary returns on capital—the vision of friction-free commerce. The major advantages of being a first mover are the ability to build a brand name early on and establish a large customer base before followers enter the market, and the ability to build switching costs into the technology or services offered so that customers will find it discomfiting to change to a late entering competitor.
The major disadvantage is that historically, many first movers have not succeeded and are instead replaced by the fast follower, larger firms with the financial, marketing, legal, and production assets necessary to develop mature markets. Generally, only a handful of first mover firms become successful long-term businesses as the start-up costs and time it takes to build a profitable business are often underestimated. The early years of e-commerce can be considered a success because of the technological success that occurred as Web-enabled transactions grew from thousands to billions. The digital infrastructure proved to be a solid foundation on which to build a viable marketing channel.
From a business perspective, the early years of e-commerce were a mixed success with just a tiny percentage of dot.com companies surviving. However, the survivors have benefited from the continued growth in B2C revenues. The early years of e-commerce can also be considered a success in that the transfer of information has been a huge accomplishment as consumers learned to use the Web to procure information about products they wanted to purchase (Internet-influenced commerce). The early years of e-commerce saw an infusion of pure online businesses that thought they could achieve unassailable first mover advantages.
During the Consolidation period, successful firms used a mixed “bricks-and-clicks” strategy, combining traditional sales channels such as physical stores and printed catalogs with online efforts. Today, there is a return of pure online strategies in new markets, as well as continuing extension of the “bricks and clicks” strategy in traditional retail markets. A multidisciplinary approach is necessary in order to understand e-commerce because no single academic discipline covers all facets of the e-commerce phenomenon. E-commerce is primarily a technologically driven occurrence, including information technologies developed over the past fifty years, with the Internet and the Web at the core.
However, beyond the infrastructure are the business purposes that drive the phenomenon: the changing business models and strategies that will transform old companies and spawn new ones. To understand e-commerce, one must understand some basic business concepts such as: industry structures, business models, firm and industry value chains, and consumer behavior.
They must also comprehend the nature of electronic markets and information goods. Finally, the impact on society must be considered: global e-commerce can have consequences for individuals concerning their intellectual property and privacy rights. Public policy issues such as equal access, equity, content control, and taxation will need to be addressed. Disciplines that take a behavioral approach to studying e-commerce include information systems researchers, economists, the marketing profession, management scholars, economists, finance and accounting scholars, sociologists, psychologists, and legal scholars.
Information systems researchers are primarily interested in e-commerce because of its implications for firm and industry value chains, industry structure, and corporate strategy. Economists have focused on online consumer behavior, pricing of digital goods, and on the unique features of digital electronic markets.
The marketing profession is interested in marketing, brand development and. Extension, online consumer behavior, and the ability of e-commerce technologies to segment and target consumer groups, and differentiate products. Economists share an interest with marketing scholars who have focused on e-commerce consumer response to marketing and advertising campaigns, and the ability of firms to brand, segment markets, target audiences, and position products to achieve above-normal returns on investment. Management scholars have focused on entrepreneurial behavior and the challenges faced by young firms who are required to develop organizational structures in short time spans. Finance and accounting scholars have focused on e-commerce firm valuation and accounting practices.
Sociologists—and to a lesser extent, psychologists— have focused on general population studies of Internet usage, the role of social inequality in skewing Internet benefits, and the use of the Web as a social network and group communications tool. Legal scholars are interested in issues such as preserving intellectual property, privacy, and content regulation. Student answers will vary depending on the company they choose as the subject of their report or presentation.
For example, if a student chooses Instagram, they might note that while currently, users cannot yet click and buy directly from Instagram, there are a number of tools that enable companies to use it for social commerce, such as LIKEtoKNOW.IT, which integrates Instagram with traditional e-mail marketing, Soldsie, which is a social commerce app that allows businesses to sell products on Instagram, and Curalate’s Like2Buy and HavetoHave It. Companies such as IKEA, Sephora, Nespresso, Nordstrom, and many retail and fashion brands regularly use Instagram to encourage customers to share photos and videos. As a result, research by Shopify shows that Instagram has the third- highest social commerce average order value, worldwide, at $59 per order. Given the large number of press reports on Uber, students should be able to find a plethora of information by using the Web to search for articles. For example, Uber cars are not required to be handicap accessible while yellow cabs are; Uber is not required to follow any labor laws for its drivers because it has no employee drivers, just contractors; and in some cities such as Seattle, Uber and Lyft drivers are forming a union of contract workers, even though they may not be considered employees. You can also direct your students to the Companion Web Site for the book, located.
There they will find a collection of additional projects and exercises for each chapter; links to various technology tutorials; information on how to build a business plan and revenue models; information on careers in e-commerce, and more. Learning Tracks that provide additional coverage of various topics and a collection of video cases that integrate short videos, supporting case study material, and case study questions are also available for download from the books’ Online Instructor Resource Center.
Electronic Commerce 12th Edition Schneider
Learning Tracks and Video Cases for this chapter include:. Learning Track 1.1 Global E-commerce Europe. Learning Track 1.2 Global E-commerce China. Learning Track 1.3 Global E-commerce Latin America. Video Case 1.1 The Importance of the Internet for E-commerce.
Video Case 1.2 The Future of E-commerce. If you have any question, do not hesitate to contact us at [email protected] 1) How can i know which book I need? You can see our ist, try to look on it, try the search button or just send us the full name of book you need or the ISBN to can search for it. 2) How can i pay?
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Electronic Commerce Gary Schneider Pdf
An ever-expanding collection of previously administered exams, quizzes, and other assessment measures in a wide range of courses made available for current students as study aids. Why should I use previously administered tests to study?. become familiar with how material will be tested. see the format of the test. practice test-taking skills. simulate a timed exam.
Electronic Commerce By Gary Schneider Manuals
gain more experience with course content What is a SOLUTION MANUAL (SM)? A Solutions Manual contains all the answers to the questions in the book with detailed explanations and examples. What is an INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTION MANUAL (ISM) OR INSTURCTOR’S MANUAL (IM)? An Instructor's Manual is the guide that your teacher may use when making lesson plans and contain extra questions and answers, lab assignments, and more.
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